Schneider was elected Fellow of the American Association for the Advancement of Science (1992), the Association of Computing Machinery (1995), and the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (2008). He was named Professor-at-Large at the University of Tromsø (Norway) in 1996 and was awarded a Doctor of Science honoris causa by the University of Newcastle-upon-Tyne in 2003 for his work in computer dependability and security. He received the 2012 IEEE Emanuel R. Piore Award for "contributions to trustworthy computing through novel approaches to security, fault-tolerance, and formal methods for concurrent and distributed systems." The U.S. National Academy of Engineering elected Schneider to membership in 2011, the Norges Tekniske Vitenskapsakademi (Norwegian Academy of Technological Sciences) named him a foreign member in 2010, and the American Academy of Arts & Sciences elected him to membership in 2017.
Schneider chaired the National Academies Computer Science and Telecommunications Board (CSTB) study on information systems trustworthiness that produced the 1999 volume Trust in Cyberspace. He is founding chair of its Forum on Cyber Resilience. He has served on the National Academies Naval Studies Board as well as the Pentagon's Defense Science Board and the Army Science Board.
In 2007, Schneider was elected to the board of directors of the Computing Research Association (CRA) and served through 2016. During that period, he was a member of CRA's Computing Community Consortium steering committee 2007-2013 and chaired the CRA Government Affairs committee. In Fall 2011, he started the CCC/CRA Leadership in Science Policy Institute; that event still runs biannually and he remains co-director.
Schneider is a frequent consultant to industry, believing this to be an effective method to effect technology transfer and a good way to learn about the real problems. In addition, Schneider has testified about cybersecurity research at hearings of the U.S. House of Representatives Armed Services Committee (subcommittee on Terrorism, Unconventional Threats, and Capabilities), as well as the Committee on Science and Technology (subcommittee on Technology and Innovation and subcommittee on Research and Science Education).